diff --git a/src/cuda_backend.rs b/src/cuda_backend.rs
index 5706a2e6..8234eeac 100644
--- a/src/cuda_backend.rs
+++ b/src/cuda_backend.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,23 @@
-use crate::{CpuStorage, DType, Error, Result, Shape};
-use cudarc::driver::{CudaSlice, LaunchAsync, LaunchConfig};
+use crate::{CpuStorage, DType, Shape};
+use cudarc::driver::{CudaFunction, CudaSlice, LaunchAsync, LaunchConfig};
 
-pub type CudaError = cudarc::driver::DriverError;
+/// cudarc related errors
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum CudaError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Cuda(#[from] cudarc::driver::DriverError),
+
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Compiler(#[from] cudarc::nvrtc::CompileError),
+
+    #[error("{op} only supports contiguous tensors")]
+    RequiresContiguous { op: &'static str },
+
+    #[error("missing kernel '{module_name}'")]
+    MissingKernel { module_name: &'static str },
+}
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, CudaError>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct CudaDevice(std::sync::Arc<cudarc::driver::CudaDevice>);
@@ -21,6 +37,20 @@ extern "C" __global__ void affine_f32(
     } 
     y[i] = x[i] * mul + add;
 } 
+
+extern "C" __global__ void affine_f64( 
+    const size_t numel, 
+    const double *x,
+    double *y,
+    const double mul,
+    const double add
+) { 
+    unsigned int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; 
+    if (i >= numel) { 
+        return; 
+    } 
+    y[i] = x[i] * mul + add;
+} 
 "#;
 
 const FILL_CU: &str = r#"
@@ -61,34 +91,23 @@ impl CudaDevice {
 
     pub(crate) fn const_impl(&self, v: f64, shape: &Shape, dtype: DType) -> Result<CudaStorage> {
         let elem_count = shape.elem_count();
+        let cfg = LaunchConfig::for_num_elems(elem_count as u32);
         let dev = &self.0;
         match dtype {
             DType::F32 => {
                 // SAFETY: Set later by running the fill kernel.
                 let data = unsafe { dev.alloc::<f32>(elem_count) }?;
-                let module_name = "fill_f32";
-                if !dev.has_func(module_name, module_name) {
-                    let ptx = cudarc::nvrtc::compile_ptx(FILL_CU).unwrap();
-                    dev.load_ptx(ptx, module_name, &[module_name])?;
-                }
-                let fwd_fn = dev.get_func(module_name, module_name).unwrap();
-                let cfg = LaunchConfig::for_num_elems(elem_count as u32);
+                let func = self.get_or_load_func("fill_f32", FILL_CU)?;
                 let params = (&data, v as f32, elem_count);
-                unsafe { fwd_fn.launch(cfg, params) }?;
+                unsafe { func.launch(cfg, params) }?;
                 Ok(CudaStorage::F32(data))
             }
             DType::F64 => {
                 // SAFETY: Set later by running the fill kernel.
                 let data = unsafe { dev.alloc::<f64>(elem_count) }?;
-                let module_name = "fill_f64";
-                if !dev.has_func(module_name, module_name) {
-                    let ptx = cudarc::nvrtc::compile_ptx(FILL_CU).unwrap();
-                    dev.load_ptx(ptx, module_name, &[module_name])?;
-                }
-                let fwd_fn = dev.get_func(module_name, module_name).unwrap();
-                let cfg = LaunchConfig::for_num_elems(elem_count as u32);
+                let func = self.get_or_load_func("fill_f64", FILL_CU)?;
                 let params = (&data, v, elem_count);
-                unsafe { fwd_fn.launch(cfg, params) }?;
+                unsafe { func.launch(cfg, params) }?;
                 Ok(CudaStorage::F64(data))
             }
         }
@@ -110,6 +129,23 @@ impl CudaDevice {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    fn get_or_load_func(
+        &self,
+        module_name: &'static str,
+        source: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<CudaFunction> {
+        let dev = &self.0;
+        if !dev.has_func(module_name, module_name) {
+            // TODO: Pre-compile and load rather than compiling here.
+            let ptx = cudarc::nvrtc::compile_ptx(source)?;
+            dev.load_ptx(ptx, module_name, &[module_name])?;
+        }
+        dev.get_func(module_name, module_name)
+            // Clippy recommends this `ok_or` rather than `ok_or_else` so hopefully the compiler is
+            // able to only build the error value if needed.
+            .ok_or(CudaError::MissingKernel { module_name })
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -140,30 +176,33 @@ impl CudaStorage {
         mul: f64,
         add: f64,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
+        if !shape.is_contiguous(stride) {
+            return Err(CudaError::RequiresContiguous { op: "affine" });
+        }
+
+        let elem_count = shape.elem_count();
+        let cfg = LaunchConfig::for_num_elems(elem_count as u32);
+        let dev = self.device();
         match self {
             Self::F32(arg) => {
-                if !shape.is_contiguous(stride) {
-                    return Err(Error::RequiresContiguous { op: "affine" });
-                }
-                let dev = arg.device();
-                let module_name = "affine_f32";
-                if !dev.has_func(module_name, module_name) {
-                    let ptx = cudarc::nvrtc::compile_ptx(AFFINE_CU).unwrap();
-                    dev.load_ptx(ptx, module_name, &[module_name])?;
-                }
-                let elem_count = shape.elem_count();
-                let fwd_fn = dev.get_func(module_name, module_name).unwrap();
-                let cfg = LaunchConfig::for_num_elems(elem_count as u32);
+                let func = dev.get_or_load_func("affine_f32", AFFINE_CU)?;
                 // SAFETY: if this function returns Ok(..), the kernel has been applied
                 // and has set the initially unset memory.
-                let out = unsafe { dev.alloc::<f32>(elem_count) }?;
+                let out = unsafe { dev.0.alloc::<f32>(elem_count) }?;
                 let params = (elem_count, arg, &out, mul as f32, add as f32);
                 // SAFETY: well, well, well...
-                unsafe { fwd_fn.launch(cfg, params) }?;
+                unsafe { func.launch(cfg, params) }?;
                 Ok(Self::F32(out))
             }
-            Self::F64(_) => {
-                todo!()
+            Self::F64(arg) => {
+                let func = dev.get_or_load_func("affine_f64", AFFINE_CU)?;
+                // SAFETY: if this function returns Ok(..), the kernel has been applied
+                // and has set the initially unset memory.
+                let out = unsafe { dev.0.alloc::<f64>(elem_count) }?;
+                let params = (elem_count, arg, &out, mul, add);
+                // SAFETY: well, well, well...
+                unsafe { func.launch(cfg, params) }?;
+                Ok(Self::F64(out))
             }
         }
     }