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234 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
234 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# candle
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[](https://discord.com/channels/879548962464493619/1136218819447238726)
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[](https://crates.io/crates/candle-core)
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[](https://docs.rs/candle-core)
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Candle is a minimalist ML framework for Rust with a focus on performance (including GPU support)
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and ease of use. Try our online demos:
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[whisper](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-whisper),
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[LLaMA2](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-llama2),
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[yolo](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-yolo).
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## Get started
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Make sure that you have [`candle-core`](https://github.com/huggingface/candle/tree/main/candle-core) correctly installed as described in [**Installation**](https://huggingface.github.io/candle/guide/installation.html).
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Let's see how to run a simple matrix multiplication.
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Write the following to your `myapp/src/main.rs` file:
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```rust
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use candle_core::{Device, Tensor};
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fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
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let device = Device::Cpu;
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let a = Tensor::randn(0f32, 1., (2, 3), &device)?;
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let b = Tensor::randn(0f32, 1., (3, 4), &device)?;
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let c = a.matmul(&b)?;
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println!("{c}");
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Ok(())
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}
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```
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`cargo run` should display a tensor of shape `Tensor[[2, 4], f32]`.
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Having installed `candle` with Cuda support, simply define the `device` to be on GPU:
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```diff
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- let device = Device::Cpu;
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+ let device = Device::new_cuda(0)?;
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```
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For more advanced examples, please have a look at the following section.
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## Check out our examples
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Check out our [examples](./candle-examples/examples/):
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- [Whisper](./candle-examples/examples/whisper/): speech recognition model.
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- [LLaMA and LLaMA-v2](./candle-examples/examples/llama/): general LLM.
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- [Falcon](./candle-examples/examples/falcon/): general LLM.
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- [Bert](./candle-examples/examples/bert/): useful for sentence embeddings.
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- [StarCoder](./candle-examples/examples/bigcode/): LLM specialized to code
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generation.
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- [Stable Diffusion](./candle-examples/examples/stable-diffusion/): text to
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image generative model.
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- [DINOv2](./candle-examples/examples/dinov2/): computer vision model trained
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using self-supervision (can be used for imagenet classification, depth
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evaluation, segmentation).
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- [Quantized LLaMA](./candle-examples/examples/quantized/): quantized version of
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the LLaMA model using the same quantization techniques as
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[llama.cpp](https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp).
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- [yolo-v3](./candle-examples/examples/yolo-v3/) and
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[yolo-v8](./candle-examples/examples/yolo-v8/): object detection and pose
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estimation models.
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Run them using the following commands:
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```
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cargo run --example whisper --release
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cargo run --example llama --release
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cargo run --example falcon --release
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cargo run --example bert --release
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cargo run --example bigcode --release
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cargo run --example stable-diffusion --release -- --prompt "a rusty robot holding a fire torch"
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cargo run --example dinov2 --release -- --image path/to/myinput.jpg
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cargo run --example quantized --release
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cargo run --example yolo-v3 --release -- myimage.jpg
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cargo run --example yolo-v8 --release -- myimage.jpg # for pose estimation, add --task pose
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```
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In order to use **CUDA** add `--features cuda` to the example command line. If
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you have cuDNN installed, use `--features cudnn` for even more speedups.
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There are also some wasm examples for whisper and
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[llama2.c](https://github.com/karpathy/llama2.c). You can either build them with
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`trunk` or try them online:
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[whisper](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-whisper),
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[llama2](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-llama2).
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For LLaMA2, run the following command to retrieve the weight files and start a
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test server:
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```bash
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cd candle-wasm-examples/llama2-c
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wget https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-llama2/resolve/main/model.bin
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wget https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmz/candle-llama2/resolve/main/tokenizer.json
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trunk serve --release --port 8081
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```
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And then head over to
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[http://localhost:8081/](http://localhost:8081/).
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<!--- ANCHOR: features --->
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## Features
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- Simple syntax, looks and feels like PyTorch.
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- Model training.
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- Embed user-defined ops/kernels, such as [flash-attention v2](https://github.com/huggingface/candle/blob/89ba005962495f2bfbda286e185e9c3c7f5300a3/candle-flash-attn/src/lib.rs#L152).
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- Backends.
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- Optimized CPU backend with optional MKL support for x86 and Accelerate for macs.
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- CUDA backend for efficiently running on GPUs, multiple GPU distribution via NCCL.
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- WASM support, run your models in a browser.
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- Included models.
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- LLMs: LLaMA v1 and v2, Falcon, StarCoder.
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- Whisper (multi-lingual support).
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- Stable Diffusion.
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- Computer Vision: DINOv2, EfficientNet, yolo-v3, yolo-v8.
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- File formats: load models from safetensors, npz, ggml, or PyTorch files.
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- Serverless (on CPU), small and fast deployments.
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- Quantization support using the llama.cpp quantized types.
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<!--- ANCHOR_END: features --->
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## How to use
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<!--- ANCHOR: cheatsheet --->
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Cheatsheet:
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| | Using PyTorch | Using Candle |
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|------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Creation | `torch.Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]])` | `Tensor::new(&[[1f32, 2.], [3., 4.]], &Device::Cpu)?` |
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| Creation | `torch.zeros((2, 2))` | `Tensor::zeros((2, 2), DType::F32, &Device::Cpu)?` |
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| Indexing | `tensor[:, :4]` | `tensor.i((.., ..4))?` |
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| Operations | `tensor.view((2, 2))` | `tensor.reshape((2, 2))?` |
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| Operations | `a.matmul(b)` | `a.matmul(&b)?` |
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| Arithmetic | `a + b` | `&a + &b` |
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| Device | `tensor.to(device="cuda")` | `tensor.to_device(&Device::new_cuda(0)?)?` |
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| Dtype | `tensor.to(dtype=torch.float16)` | `tensor.to_dtype(&DType::F16)?` |
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| Saving | `torch.save({"A": A}, "model.bin")` | `candle::safetensors::save(&HashMap::from([("A", A)]), "model.safetensors")?` |
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| Loading | `weights = torch.load("model.bin")` | `candle::safetensors::load("model.safetensors", &device)` |
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<!--- ANCHOR_END: cheatsheet --->
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## Structure
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- [candle-core](./candle-core): Core ops, devices, and `Tensor` struct definition
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- [candle-nn](./candle-nn/): Tools to build real models
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- [candle-examples](./candle-examples/): Examples of using the library in realistic settings
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- [candle-kernels](./candle-kernels/): CUDA custom kernels
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- [candle-datasets](./candle-datasets/): Datasets and data loaders.
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- [candle-transformers](./candle-transformers): transformers-related utilities.
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- [candle-flash-attn](./candle-flash-attn): Flash attention v2 layer.
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## FAQ
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### Why should I use Candle?
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Candle's core goal is to *make serverless inference possible*. Full machine learning frameworks like PyTorch
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are very large, which makes creating instances on a cluster slow. Candle allows deployment of lightweight
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binaries.
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Secondly, Candle lets you *remove Python* from production workloads. Python overhead can seriously hurt performance,
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and the [GIL](https://www.backblaze.com/blog/the-python-gil-past-present-and-future/) is a notorious source of headaches.
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Finally, Rust is cool! A lot of the HF ecosystem already has Rust crates, like [safetensors](https://github.com/huggingface/safetensors) and [tokenizers](https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers).
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### Other ML frameworks
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- [dfdx](https://github.com/coreylowman/dfdx) is a formidable crate, with shapes being included
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in types. This prevents a lot of headaches by getting the compiler to complain about shape mismatches right off the bat.
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However, we found that some features still require nightly, and writing code can be a bit daunting for non rust experts.
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We're leveraging and contributing to other core crates for the runtime so hopefully both crates can benefit from each
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other.
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- [burn](https://github.com/burn-rs/burn) is a general crate that can leverage multiple backends so you can choose the best
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engine for your workload.
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- [tch-rs](https://github.com/LaurentMazare/tch-rs.git) Bindings to the torch library in Rust. Extremely versatile, but they
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bring in the entire torch library into the runtime. The main contributor of `tch-rs` is also involved in the development
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of `candle`.
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### Common Errors
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#### Missing symbols when compiling with the mkl feature.
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If you get some missing symbols when compiling binaries/tests using the mkl
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or accelerate features, e.g. for mkl you get:
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```
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= note: /usr/bin/ld: (....o): in function `blas::sgemm':
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.../blas-0.22.0/src/lib.rs:1944: undefined reference to `sgemm_' collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
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= note: some `extern` functions couldn't be found; some native libraries may need to be installed or have their path specified
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= note: use the `-l` flag to specify native libraries to link
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= note: use the `cargo:rustc-link-lib` directive to specify the native libraries to link with Cargo
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```
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or for accelerate:
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```
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Undefined symbols for architecture arm64:
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"_dgemm_", referenced from:
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candle_core::accelerate::dgemm::h1b71a038552bcabe in libcandle_core...
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"_sgemm_", referenced from:
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candle_core::accelerate::sgemm::h2cf21c592cba3c47 in libcandle_core...
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ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture arm64
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```
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This is likely due to a missing linker flag that was needed to enable the mkl library. You
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can try adding the following for mkl at the top of your binary:
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```rust
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extern crate intel_mkl_src;
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```
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or for accelerate:
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```rust
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extern crate accelerate_src;
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```
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#### Cannot run the LLaMA examples: access to source requires login credentials
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```
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Error: request error: https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf/resolve/main/tokenizer.json: status code 401
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```
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This is likely because you're not permissioned for the LLaMA-v2 model. To fix
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this, you have to register on the huggingface-hub, accept the [LLaMA-v2 model
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conditions](https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf), and set up your
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authentication token. See issue
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[#350](https://github.com/huggingface/candle/issues/350) for more details.
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#### Tracking down errors
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You can set `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` to be provided with backtraces when a candle
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error is generated.
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